What is a Bunion?
A bunion (hallux valgus) is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe, where it connects to the first metatarsal bone. This deformity develops as the big toe gradually drifts laterally toward the second toe, forcing the joint to protrude medially, leading to pain, inflammation, and difficulty wearing shoes. Bunions may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time if left untreated. While they are most commonly seen on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, a similar condition known as a bunionette (or tailor’s bunion) can develop on the outside of the foot at the base of the fifth toe.
Causes and Risk Factors of Bunions
The development of bunions is influenced by several causes and risk factors. Genetics plays a significant role, as some individuals inherit foot structures that are more prone to bunion formation, such as flat feet or loose ligaments. Poor footwear choices, particularly tight, narrow shoes and high heels, can exacerbate the condition by placing excessive pressure on the big toe joint. Other contributing factors include arthritis, which can weaken joint stability, and occupations or activities that require prolonged standing or excessive foot stress. Women are more likely than men to develop bunions, likely due to both genetic predisposition and footwear habits.
Bunion Symptoms, Progression, and Complications
Symptoms and stages of progression vary among individuals. In the early stages, a mild bump may form without significant pain, but as the bunion progresses, discomfort, redness, and swelling become more noticeable. Over time, the big toe continues to drift toward the second toe, potentially leading to overlapping toes and difficulty walking. In severe cases, the joint may become stiff and arthritic, causing chronic pain and limiting mobility. Other complications can include corns, calluses, and hammertoes due to altered foot mechanics. Early intervention, such as proper footwear, orthotics, and physical therapy, can slow progression, but severe cases may require surgical correction.